int a;
int vin;
int input=A0;
int disp1=1;
int disp2=2;
int disp3=3;
int segA=5;
int segB=6;
int segC=7;
int segD=8;
int segE=9;
int segF=10;
int segG=11;
int segDP=12;
void setup()
{
pinMode(disp1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(disp2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(disp3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(segA, OUTPUT);
pinMode(segB, OUTPUT);
pinMode(segC, OUTPUT);
pinMode(segD, OUTPUT);
pinMode(segE, OUTPUT);
pinMode(segF, OUTPUT);
pinMode(segG, OUTPUT);
pinMode(segDP, OUTPUT);
pinMode(input,INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
vin=analogRead(input);
vin=vin/2.046;
a = vin%10;
if(a<=5)
{a=0;}
else
{a=5;}
digitalWrite(disp1,LOW);
digitalWrite(disp2,LOW);
digitalWrite(disp3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segDP,HIGH);
display(a);
delay(5);
vin = vin/10;
a = vin%10;
digitalWrite(disp3,LOW);
digitalWrite(disp2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(segDP,HIGH);
display(a);
delay(5);
vin=vin/10;
a=vin;
digitalWrite(disp2,LOW);
digitalWrite(disp1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(segDP,LOW);
display(a);
delay(5);

}
int display (int a)
{
switch (a)
{
case 0:
digitalWrite(segA, LOW);
digitalWrite(segB, LOW);
digitalWrite(segC, LOW);
digitalWrite(segD, LOW);
digitalWrite(segE, LOW);
digitalWrite(segF, LOW);
digitalWrite(segG, HIGH);
break;

case 1:
digitalWrite(segA, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segB, LOW);
digitalWrite(segC, LOW);
digitalWrite(segD, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segF, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segG, HIGH);
break;

case 2:
digitalWrite(segA, LOW);
digitalWrite(segB, LOW);
digitalWrite(segC, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segD, LOW);
digitalWrite(segE, LOW);
digitalWrite(segF, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segG, LOW);
break;

case 3:
digitalWrite(segA, LOW);
digitalWrite(segB, LOW);
digitalWrite(segC, LOW);
digitalWrite(segD, LOW);
digitalWrite(segE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segF, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segG, LOW);
break;

case 4:
digitalWrite(segA, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segB, LOW);
digitalWrite(segC, LOW);
digitalWrite(segD, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segF, LOW);
digitalWrite(segG, LOW);
break;

case 5:
digitalWrite(segA, LOW);
digitalWrite(segB, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segC, LOW);
digitalWrite(segD, LOW);
digitalWrite(segE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segF, LOW);
digitalWrite(segG, LOW);
break;

case 6:
digitalWrite(segA, LOW);
digitalWrite(segB, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segC, LOW);
digitalWrite(segD, LOW);
digitalWrite(segE, LOW);
digitalWrite(segF, LOW);
digitalWrite(segG, LOW);
break;

case 7:
digitalWrite(segA, LOW);
digitalWrite(segB, LOW);
digitalWrite(segC, LOW);
digitalWrite(segD, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segF, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segG, HIGH);
break;

case 8:
digitalWrite(segA, LOW);
digitalWrite(segB, LOW);
digitalWrite(segC, LOW);
digitalWrite(segD, LOW);
digitalWrite(segE, LOW);
digitalWrite(segF, LOW);
digitalWrite(segG, LOW);
break;

case 9:
digitalWrite(segA, LOW);
digitalWrite(segB, LOW);
digitalWrite(segC, LOW);
digitalWrite(segD, LOW);
digitalWrite(segE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(segF, LOW);
digitalWrite(segG, LOW);
break;
}}

About the program.

The analog voltage applied to analog input pin A0 is read using analogRead function. The digital equivalent on the analog input voltage is stored in variable vin. For example  if 2.5V is the analog input, then the data loaded into variable “vin” after analogRead will be 2.5V/4.8mV= 511. The digital value in variable “vin” is divided by2.056 in order to make a 0 t0 500 swing in the digital reading corresponding to the 0 to 5V swing in the input voltage. The variable “vin” is over written by the result of the division. The next job of the program is to display the number in the variable “vin”.

For that each digit in the variable “vin” is isolated and displayed on the appropriate segments. For example, if 256 is the number in “vin”, then 2 is displayed on display 1, 5 is displayed on display 2 and 6 is displayed on display 3. A small delay of around 5 mS is given in between switching of the segments. This is done continuously and the observer feels like 256 due to persistence of vision.  Decimal point of the first display is also kept activated while switching the first segment. The individual digits are isolated and displayed by the following method.

Suppose 256 is the number to be displayed. Firstly modulus of 256 is determined using “%” operator and the result will be 6. Then it is stored in variable “a”. The the variable “a” is checked using the if statement. If “a” is less than five then “a” is overwritten by 0 and if “a” is greater than 5 it is over written by 5. This reduces the sensitivity of the voltmeter but makes the third digit stable. Then the third display is switched ON and other displays are held OFF. Then the function “display” for displaying 6 is called. The result will be 6 displayed on the third display. Then a delay of 5 ms is called.

After this delay, 256 is divided by 10 and variable “vin” is overwritten by the quotient which is 25. Then the modulus of 25 is determined. The modulus of 25 is 5 and it is stored in variable a. The second display is activated and the other displays are deactivated. Then the function display is called again. The result will be 5 displayed on the second display. A delay of 5 mS is called again.

Then the number 25 in variable “vin” is divided by ten again. The quotient of the operation will be 2. This 2 is overwritten to variable “vin”. Then the variable “vin” is copied to variable a .The first display is activated and the other displays are deactivated. The decimal point of the first display is also activated. Then the display function is called again. The result will be the digit 2 displayed on the third display. A delay of 5 mS is called again and the entire cycle is repeated.

The function display is implemented using conditional branching based on “switch” and “break” statements. Whenever the “display” function is called it will output the segment drive pattern for the current digit in variable “a” on the digital output pins (5 to 12). This is done by checking the current digit in variable “a” and jumping to the appropriate case. Suppose 6 is the digit in variable “a”. Then the statement  “switch(a)” will make the program to jump to “case:6″ which will result in writing the segment drive pattern of 6 on the digital output pins ( 5 to 12) appropriately.

LCD version of the arduino voltmeter.

This is just an LCD version of the voltmeter shown above. JHD162A is the LCD display used here. It is a 16×2 LCD display with back light. The circuit diagram of the LCD voltmeter using arduino is shown in the figure below.

Circuit diagram.







Program.


#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
int vin=A0;
float value;
LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11,5,4,3,2); //library initialization
void setup()
{
  pinMode(vin,INPUT);
  lcd.begin(16,2);
  lcd.setCursor(1,0);
  lcd.print("LCD VOLTMETER");
}
void loop()
{
value=analogRead(vin);
value=value/200;
value=value*0.978;
lcd.setCursor(3,1);
lcd.print(value);
lcd.print(" volts");
delay(300);
}